SQL Reference

Geospatial Functions

Spatial Operators

﻿ spatial operators perform geometry calculations on geospatial data to return a different type of geospatial data. 
ST_BOUNDINGDIAGONAL
Returns the diagonal LINESTRING from the minimum point to the maximum point of the bounding box that ST_ENVELOPE﻿ returns.
Syntax
SQL
ST_BOUNDINGDIAGONAL(geo)
ST_BOUNDINGDIAGONAL(geo)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A geospatial object to be measured for the diagonal length of its bounding box.  
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_BOUNDINGDIAGONAL(
        ST_POLYGON(ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 2, 1 3, 1 3, 1 2)'))
    );
SELECT ST_BOUNDINGDIAGONAL(
        ST_POLYGON(ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 2, 1 3, 1 3, 1 2)'))
    );
﻿
Output: LINESTRING(1 2,1 3)
ST_BUFFER
Returns a geography that contains all points where the distance from the geography is less than or equal to the specified distance. The function simplifies the geometry before buffering unless you specify the simplification_tolerance parameter with a zero or negative value. 
The output of the function is an array of polygons. For POINT and LINESTRING data types, the returned array contains one polygon only.
Syntax
SQL
ST_BUFFER(geo, radius [, num_segments_per_quarter_circle] 
          [, simplification_tolerance] [, maximum_radius_error] 
          [, join_style] [, miter_limit] 
          [, endcap_style] [, side_style]) 
ST_BUFFER(geo, radius [, num_segments_per_quarter_circle] 
          [, simplification_tolerance] [, maximum_radius_error] 
          [, join_style] [, miter_limit] 
          [, endcap_style] [, side_style]) 
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A geospatial object, specified as a point, linestring, or polygon, which the function buffers.  
radius
DOUBLE
Radius, specified as a double, that indicates the distance to buffer the geospatial object in meters. Negative values cause polygons to shrink. Also, negative values cause the result to be empty for points and linestrings.
num_segments_per_quarter_circle
BIGINT
Optional.
The number of segments to use per quarter circle when parts of the buffer are round, specified as a BIGINT. Only use if the join_style or endcap_style value is set to ROUND.
Defaults to 8.
simplification_tolerance
DOUBLE
Optional.
Value that the function passes to the ST_SIMPLIFYARRAY function prior to buffering.
If you specify a zero or negative value, the function skips simplification of the geometry.
maximum_radius_error
DOUBLE
Optional.
Maximum radius error, specified as a double. The returned buffer might be slightly larger than the radius value by this amount. This value is required because arcs of great circles cannot be parallel. Use this argument for linestrings and polygons only.
Defaults to 10.0.
join_style
STRING
Optional.
The type of join to use at the corners where segments of the geometry meet, specified as a string. Supported styles are ROUND, BEVEL and MITER. Use this argument for linestrings and polygons only.
Defaults to ROUND.
miter_limit
DOUBLE
Optional.
Miter limit, specified as a double. Use this argument only if the join_style value is set to MITER. A mitered corner is cut off at a distance of miter_ratio * radius from the corner point of the geometry. Use this argument for linestrings and polygons only.
Defaults to 1.0.
endcap_style
STRING
Optional.
The type of end cap for use at the ends of linestrings, specified as a string. Supported styles are ROUND, SQUARE, and FLAT. Use this argument for linestrings only.
Defaults to ROUND.
side_style
STRING
Optional.
The side, specified as a string, that denotes the side for buffering the geometry. Supported styles are BOTH, LEFT, and RIGHT. Use this argument for linestrings only.
Defaults to BOTH.
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_BUFFER(
        ST_POLYGON('POLYGON((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 0))'), 2000, 8, 500.0, 10.0, 
        'MITER', 2.0); 
SELECT ST_BUFFER(
        ST_POLYGON('POLYGON((0 0, 1 0, 1 1, 0 0))'), 2000, 8, 500.0, 10.0, 
        'MITER', 2.0); 
﻿
Output:
[POLYGON((2.202700241764562E-18 -0.017986411844962975, 1.0179863625702694 -0.0179863616840571, 1.0179892379654352 1.031486286416526, 1.009550207729886 1.0349816974070565, -0.03498171178141835 -0.009548649645081482, -0.03148633724650228 -0.01798632287046757, 2.202700241764562E-18 -0.017986411844962975))]
ST_CLOSESTPOINT
Returns the two-dimensional POINT of one specified geospatial object that is closest to a second specified geospatial object. This function works with any geospatial type. 
If either geospatial argument is empty, the function returns NULL. 
Syntax
SQL
ST_CLOSESTPOINT(geo1, geo2 [, use_spheroid] )
ST_CLOSESTPOINT(geo1, geo2 [, use_spheroid] )
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo1
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A geospatial object to be computed to determine its closest POINT value relative to geo2.
geo2
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A second geospatial object to be compared to geo1 to find the closest POINT value of geo1. 
use_spheroid
BOOLEAN
Optional. 
﻿
If you set this value to TRUE, this function uses a spheroid model instead of a spherical model. 
﻿
Defaults to FALSE. 
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_CLOSESTPOINT(
        ST_POLYGON(ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(2 3, 2 4, 2 4, 2 3)')),
        ST_POLYGON(ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 2, 1 4, 1 5, 1 2)')));
SELECT ST_CLOSESTPOINT(
        ST_POLYGON(ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(2 3, 2 4, 2 4, 2 3)')),
        ST_POLYGON(ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 2, 1 4, 1 5, 1 2)')));
﻿
Output: POINT(2,3)
ST_CONVEXHULL
Returns a POLYGON representing the convex hull of the input geometry. 
The convex hull is the smallest convex geometry that encloses the input geometry. If the geo argument is empty, the function returns an empty POLYGON. 
Syntax
SQL
ST_CONVEXHULL(geo)
ST_CONVEXHULL(geo)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A geospatial object to be computed for a POLYGON of its convex hull. 
﻿
If geo is a POINT or a single-point LINESTRING or POLYGON, the function returns a POLYGON containing only that point value. 
﻿
If geo is NULL, the function returns NULL.
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_CONVEXHULL(
        ST_POLYGON('POLYGON((0 0,1 0,1 1,0.5 0.5,0.3 0.3,0 1,0 0))'));
SELECT ST_CONVEXHULL(
        ST_POLYGON('POLYGON((0 0,1 0,1 1,0.5 0.5,0.3 0.3,0 1,0 0))'));
﻿
Output: POLYGON((0.0 0.0, 1.0 0.0, 1.0 1.0, 0.0 1.0, 0.0 0.0))
ST_DIFFERENCEARRAY
Returns an array containing any geospatial objects that are present in the first specified geospatial argument that are not found in the second geospatial argument. 
Syntax
SQL
ST_DIFFERENCEARRAY(geo1, geo2)
ST_DIFFERENCEARRAY(geo1, geo2)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo1
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A geospatial object to be compared to geo2 to find any unique geospatial values. 
geo2
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A second geospatial object used to compare with geo1 to find unique values. 
﻿
The function captures only objects that are unique to geo1, and not those unique to geo2. 
Example
In this example, the function returns LINESTRING(2.0 2.0, 3.0 3.0) because that portion of the first LINESTRING argument is not present in the second argument. 
SQL
SELECT ST_DIFFERENCEARRAY(
        ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2, 3 3)'),
        ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2)'));
SELECT ST_DIFFERENCEARRAY(
        ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2, 3 3)'),
        ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2)'));
﻿
Output: [LINESTRING(2.0 2.0, 3.0 3.0)]
ST_ENVELOPE
Returns a POLYGON that represents the minimum bounding box for the specified geography. If the specified argument is empty, the function returns an empty POLYGON. 
A single POINT argument results in a single POINT. 
Syntax
SQL
ST_ENVELOPE(geo)
ST_ENVELOPE(geo)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A geospatial object to be computed for the vertices of its bounding box. 
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_ENVELOPE(
        ST_POLYGON(ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(10 10, 0 0)')));
SELECT ST_ENVELOPE(
        ST_POLYGON(ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(10 10, 0 0)')));
﻿
Output: POLYGON((0 0,10 0,10 10,0 10,0 0))
ST_EXPAND
Returns the bounding box of a specified geospatial value, which is expanded by a specified length. The unit of length is in meters.  
Syntax
SQL
ST_EXPAND(geo1, units_to_expand)
ST_EXPAND(geo1, units_to_expand)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A geospatial object to be computed for the vertices of its bounding box with the added units_to_expand.
units_to_expand
DOUBLE
An additional distance to expand the bounding box of geo. 
﻿
Specify this argument only in meters. 
Example
SQL
ST_EXPAND(ST_POLYGON('POLYGON((1 1, 2 1, 2 2, 1 1))'), 1.0);
ST_EXPAND(ST_POLYGON('POLYGON((1 1, 2 1, 2 2, 1 1))'), 1.0);
﻿
Output: POLYGON((0.99 0.99, 1.33 0.99, 1.66 0.99, 2.01 0.99, 2.00 2.00, 1.66 2.00, 1.33 2.00, 0.99 2.00, 0.99 0.99))
ST_EXTERIORRING
Returns a LINESTRING that represents the exterior ring of a provided POLYGON value. If you specify a geography value that is not a POLYGON, the function returns NULL.
Syntax
SQL
ST_EXTERIORRING(polygon)
ST_EXTERIORRING(polygon)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
polygon
POLYGON
A POLYGON object to be computed for a LINESTRING of its perimeter. 
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_EXTERIORRING(ST_POLYGON('POLYGON((1 1, 3 1, 2 2, 1 1))'));
SELECT ST_EXTERIORRING(ST_POLYGON('POLYGON((1 1, 3 1, 2 2, 1 1))'));
﻿
Output: LINESTRING(1.0 1.0, 3.0 1.0, 2.0 2.0, 1.0 1.0)
ST_FLIPCOORDINATES
Returns a new geographic object with the X and Y coordinates switched using the specified argument. The return type is the same as the specified type. 
Syntax
SQL
ST_FLIPCOORDINATES(geo)
ST_FLIPCOORDINATES(geo)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A geographic object for switching its X and Y coordinates. 
Example
SQL
ST_FLIPCOORDINATES(ST_POINT('POINT(1 3)'));
ST_FLIPCOORDINATES(ST_POINT('POINT(1 3)'));
﻿
Output: POINT(3.0 1.0)
﻿ST_FORCE2D﻿
Convert a geographic object into a two-dimensional geography. The output representations only have the X and Y coordinates.
The returned type is the same as the specified type. 
Syntax
SQL
ST_FORCE2D(geo1)
ST_FORCE2D(geo1)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A geographic object to be converted to a two-dimensional object. 
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_FORCE2D(ST_POINT('POINT(1 1)'));
SELECT ST_FORCE2D(ST_POINT('POINT(1 1)'));
﻿
Output: POINT(1.0 1.0)
ST_INTERIORRINGN
Returns a LINESTRING representing the interior ring of the specified POLYGON, which is specified by its index. (1-indexed) 
Returns NULL if the index is out of range, or if specified a non-POLYGON geography. 
Syntax
SQL
ST_INTERIORRINGN(polygon, index)
ST_INTERIORRINGN(polygon, index)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
polygon
POLYGON
A POLYGON object to be computed for its interior ring.  
index
INTEGER
An index that represents the specific interior ring of the polygon value to be captured. 
﻿
Interior-ring indexes are 1-based, meaning the first object has an index of 1.
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_INTERIORRINGN(
        ST_POLYGON(
            ST_LINESTRING(ST_POINT [](ST_POINT(1, 2))),
            ST_LINESTRING [](ST_LINESTRING(ST_POINT [](ST_POINT(1, 2))))),
        1);
SELECT ST_INTERIORRINGN(
        ST_POLYGON(
            ST_LINESTRING(ST_POINT [](ST_POINT(1, 2))),
            ST_LINESTRING [](ST_LINESTRING(ST_POINT [](ST_POINT(1, 2))))),
        1);
﻿
Output: LINESTRING(1 2)
ST_INTERSECTALL
Returns the intersection of all geographies in the specified array. All geographies in the array must be the same type. The ST_INTERSECTALL function ignores NULL values in the array. The output geography has the same type as the input geometries.
﻿Syntax﻿
SQL
ST_INTERSECTALL(array)
ST_INTERSECTALL(array)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
array
ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING or POLYGON
An array of geographic objects, which all must be the same type. 
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_INTERSECTALL(
        ST_POINT [](ST_POINT(0, 0), ST_POINT(1, 1), ST_POINT(2, 2)));
SELECT ST_INTERSECTALL(
        ST_POINT [](ST_POINT(0, 0), ST_POINT(1, 1), ST_POINT(2, 2)));
﻿
Output: POINT[]
ST_INTERSECTIONARRAY
Returns a geography that represents the point-set intersection of two geographies. 
If the two geographies are different types, the function returns an array of the smallest geography. For example, if geo1 is a POINT , and geo2 is a POLYGON, the function returns an array of POINT values.
Syntax
SQL
ST_INTERSECTIONARRAY(geo1, geo2)
ST_INTERSECTIONARRAY(geo1, geo2)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo1
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A geographic object to be compared to geo2 to find a set of intersections.  
geo2
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A geographic object to be compared to geo1 to find a set of intersections.  
Example
This example compares two polygons to find any intersections. Because both objects are POLYGON types, the result is also a POLYGON containing all intersection points. 
SQL
SELECT ST_INTERSECTIONARRAY(
    ST_POLYGON(ST_LINESTRING(ST_POINT(1,2),ST_POINT(3,4))),
    ST_POLYGON(ST_LINESTRING(ST_POINT(1,2),ST_POINT(4,5))));
SELECT ST_INTERSECTIONARRAY(
    ST_POLYGON(ST_LINESTRING(ST_POINT(1,2),ST_POINT(3,4))),
    ST_POLYGON(ST_LINESTRING(ST_POINT(1,2),ST_POINT(4,5))));
﻿
Output: [POLYGON((1, 2))]
ST_LONGESTLINE
Returns the longest LINESTRING between two given geospatial arguments.
Syntax
SQL
ST_LONGESTLINE(geo1, geo2, use_spheroid)
ST_LONGESTLINE(geo1, geo2, use_spheroid)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo1
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A geospatial object for the determination of the longest LINESTRING relative to geo2.
geo2
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A geospatial object the determination of the longest LINESTRING relative to geo1.
use_spheroid
BOOLEAN
Optional. 
﻿
If you set this value to TRUE, this function uses
a spheroid model instead of a spherical model. 
﻿
Defaults to FALSE.
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_LONGESTLINE(
    ST_MAKELINE('LINESTRING(0 3, 1 3)'), 
    ST_MAKELINE('LINESTRING(2 3, 0 3)'));
SELECT ST_LONGESTLINE(
    ST_MAKELINE('LINESTRING(0 3, 1 3)'), 
    ST_MAKELINE('LINESTRING(2 3, 0 3)'));
﻿
Output: LINESTRING(0.0 3.0, 2.0 3.0)
To use ST_LONGESTLINE as a spatiotemporal command to calculate the longest line between two points at a concurrent time, see the ST_LONGESTLINE﻿ function. 
ST_MAKEENVELOPE
Alias for ST_ENVELOPE(ST_LINESTRING(ST_POINT(xmin, ymin), ST_POINT(xmax, ymax))).
Returns a POLYGON with vertices that represent the minimum bounding box for the specified coordinates. 
Syntax
SQL
ST_MAKEENVELOPE(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax)
ST_MAKEENVELOPE(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
xmin
DOUBLE
The minimum x value for the bounding box.
ymin
DOUBLE
The minimum y value for the bounding box.
xmax
DOUBLE
The maximum x value for the bounding box.
ymax
DOUBLE
The maximum y value for the bounding box.
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_MAKEENVELOPE(0, 0, 10, 10);
SELECT ST_MAKEENVELOPE(0, 0, 10, 10);
﻿
Output: POLYGON((0.0 0.0, 10.0 0.0, 10.0 10.0, 0.0 10.0, 0.0 0.0))
ST_MINIMUMBOUNDINGCIRCLE
Returns the smallest circle POLYGON that contains the specified geographic object. 
The function requires an additional argument to define the number of segment for inclusion in each quarter of the returned circle. 
Syntax
SQL
ST_MINIMUMBOUNDINGCIRCLE(geo, num_segs_per_qt_circ)
ST_MINIMUMBOUNDINGCIRCLE(geo, num_segs_per_qt_circ)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A geospatial object for the determination of the smallest possible circle POLYGON to encompass it. 
num_segs_per_qt_circ
INTEGER
The number of segments to be included in each quarter of the returned circle POLYGON.
Example 
SQL
SELECT ST_MINIMUMBOUNDINGCIRCLE(ST_POLYGON('POLYGON((1 1, 2 1, 2 2, 1 1))'), 3);
SELECT ST_MINIMUMBOUNDINGCIRCLE(ST_POLYGON('POLYGON((1 1, 2 1, 2 2, 1 1))'), 3);
﻿
Output: POLYGON((1.49 2.91, 0.27 0.79, 2.72 0.79, 1.49 2.91))
ST_MULTIDIFFERENCEARRAY
Returns an array of geographies that represents the parts of the union of the geographies in the first array that do not intersect with the union of geographies in the second array. 
This operation is not symmetric, meaning ST_MULTIDIFFERENCEARRAY(array1, array2) does not produce the same results as ST_MULTIDIFFERENCEARRAY(array2, array1) unless both arrays are identical. 
The function ignores NULL types. For types besides NULL, all geographies in both arrays must be of the same type. 
The output geographies are the same type as the input geographies.
Syntax
SQL
ST_MULTIDIFFERENCEARRAY(array1, array2)
ST_MULTIDIFFERENCEARRAY(array1, array2)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
array1
ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON values.
An array of geographic objects to be compared to the geographic objects in array2.
﻿
The function returns any values in this array that do not intersect with array2.
array2
ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON values.
An array of geographic objects to be compared to the geographic objects in array1.
﻿
The function returns only values that do not intersect in array1. 
Example
SQL
ST_MULTIDIFFERENCEARRAY(
    POINT[](ST_POINT(0, 0), ST_POINT(1, 1)),
    POINT[](ST_POINT(1, 1), ST_POINT(2, 2)));
ST_MULTIDIFFERENCEARRAY(
    POINT[](ST_POINT(0, 0), ST_POINT(1, 1)),
    POINT[](ST_POINT(1, 1), ST_POINT(2, 2)));
﻿
Output: ['POINT(0.0 0.0)']
ST_MULTIINTERSECTIONARRAY
When you specify two arrays of geospatial objects, this function returns an array of any intersections. The function treats each specified array as a union of all its geospatial values. 
All geographies in both arrays must be of the same type, not counting NULL values, which the function ignores.  
The output geographies are the same type as the input geographies.
Syntax
SQL
ST_MULTIINTERSECTIONARRAY(array1, array2)
ST_MULTIINTERSECTIONARRAY(array1, array2)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
array1
ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON values.
An array of geographic objects to be compared to the geographic objects in array2 for any intersections. 
﻿
The data types contained in this array must match the data types in array2, unless they are NULL.
array2
ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON values.
An array of geographic objects to be compared to the geographic objects in array1 for any intersections. 
﻿
The data types contained in this array must match the data types in array1, unless they are NULL.
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_MULTIINTERSECTIONARRAY(
    POINT[](ST_POINT(0, 0), ST_POINT(1, 1)), 
    POINT[](ST_POINT(1, 1), ST_POINT(2, 2)));
SELECT ST_MULTIINTERSECTIONARRAY(
    POINT[](ST_POINT(0, 0), ST_POINT(1, 1)), 
    POINT[](ST_POINT(1, 1), ST_POINT(2, 2)));
﻿
Output: ['POINT(1.0 1.0)']
ST_MULTISYMDIFFERENCEARRAY
Alias for ST_MULTIUNIONARRAY(array1, array2) - ST_MULTIINTERSECTIONARRAY(array1, array2).
When you specify two arrays of geospatial objects, this function returns an array of any geospatial values that do not intersect. The function treats each specified array as a union of all its geospatial values. 
All geographies in both arrays must be of the same type, not counting NULL values, which the function ignores.  
The output geographies are the same type as the input geographies.
Syntax
SQL
ST_MULTISYMDIFFERENCEARRAY(array1, array2)
ST_MULTISYMDIFFERENCEARRAY(array1, array2)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
array1
ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON values.
An array of geographic objects to be compared to the geographic objects in array2 for any values that do not intersect. 
﻿
The data types contained in this array must match the data types in array2, unless they are NULL.
array2
ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON values.
An array of geographic objects to be compared to the geographic objects in array1 for any values that do not intersect. 
﻿
The data types contained in this array must match the data types in array1, unless they are NULL.
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_MULTISYMDIFFERENCEARRAY(
    POINT[](ST_POINT(0, 0), ST_POINT(1, 1)), 
    POINT[](ST_POINT(1, 1), ST_POINT(2, 2)));
SELECT ST_MULTISYMDIFFERENCEARRAY(
    POINT[](ST_POINT(0, 0), ST_POINT(1, 1)), 
    POINT[](ST_POINT(1, 1), ST_POINT(2, 2)));
﻿
Output: ['POINT(0.0 0.0)','POINT(2.0 2.0)']
ST_MULTIUNIONARRAY
When you specify two arrays of geospatial objects, this function returns one array that represents a union of all geographies in both arrays. 
All geographies in both arrays must be the same type. The function ignores NULL values in the arrays. The output geographies are the same type as the input geographies.
Syntax
SQL
ST_MULTIUNIONARRAY(array1, array2)
ST_MULTIUNIONARRAY(array1, array2)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
array1
ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON values.
An array of geographic objects to be combined with array2.
﻿
The data types contained in this array must match the data types in array2, unless they are NULL.
array2
ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON values.
An array of geographic objects to be combined with array1.
﻿
The data types contained in this array must match the data types in array1, unless they are NULL.
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_MULTIUNIONARRAY(
    POINT[](ST_POINT(0, 0), ST_POINT(1, 1)), 
    POINT[](ST_POINT(1, 1), ST_POINT(2, 2)));
SELECT ST_MULTIUNIONARRAY(
    POINT[](ST_POINT(0, 0), ST_POINT(1, 1)), 
    POINT[](ST_POINT(1, 1), ST_POINT(2, 2)));
﻿
Output: ['POINT(1.0 1.0)','POINT(2.0 2.0)','POINT(0.0 0.0)']
ST_NRINGS
Returns the number of rings of the specified POLYGON, including both interior and exterior rings. If you specify a geography object that is not a POLYGON, this function returns 0.
Syntax
SQL
ST_NRINGS(geo)
ST_NRINGS(geo)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POLYGON
An object to be computed to return its total number of rings. 
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_NRINGS(
        ST_POLYGON('POLYGON((1.0 2.0, 1.0 4.0, 1.0 5.0, 1.0 2.0))'));
SELECT ST_NRINGS(
        ST_POLYGON('POLYGON((1.0 2.0, 1.0 4.0, 1.0 5.0, 1.0 2.0))'));
﻿
Output: 1
ST_NUMINTERIORRINGS or ST_NUMINTERIORRING
Returns the number of interior rings of the specified POLYGON. If you specify a geography object that is not a POLYGON, this function returns 0.
Syntax
SQL
ST_NUMINTERIORRINGS(polygon)
ST_NUMINTERIORRINGS(polygon)
﻿
SQL
ST_NUMINTERIORRING(polygon)
ST_NUMINTERIORRING(polygon)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
polygon
POLYGON
An object to be computed to return its total number of interior rings. 
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_NUMINTERIORRINGS(
        ST_POLYGON(
            ST_LINESTRING(ST_POINT [](ST_POINT(1, 2))),
            ST_LINESTRING [](ST_LINESTRING(ST_POINT [](ST_POINT(1, 2))))));
SELECT ST_NUMINTERIORRINGS(
        ST_POLYGON(
            ST_LINESTRING(ST_POINT [](ST_POINT(1, 2))),
            ST_LINESTRING [](ST_LINESTRING(ST_POINT [](ST_POINT(1, 2))))));
﻿
Output: 1
ST_POINTONSURFACE
﻿Returns a POINT guaranteed to intersect the specified geospatial object.﻿
Syntax
SQL
ST_POINTONSURFACE(geo1)
ST_POINTONSURFACE(geo1)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON 
An object to be computed for an intersection POINT value.
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_POINTONSURFACE(ST_POLYGON('POLYGON((1 1, 2 1, 2 2, 1 1))'));
SELECT ST_POINTONSURFACE(ST_POLYGON('POLYGON((1 1, 2 1, 2 2, 1 1))'));
﻿
Output: POINT(1.0 1.0)
ST_PROJECT
Returns a POINT by projecting a distance and an azimuth value from the specified starting POINT value. The distance must be in meters and azimuth must be in radians.
Syntax
SQL
ST_PROJECT(point, distance, azimuth)
ST_PROJECT(point, distance, azimuth)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
point
POINT
A starting point for locating a returned destination by using the distance and azimuth values. 
distance
DOUBLE
A distance value in meters. 
azimuth
DOUBLE
An azimuth value in radians. 
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_PROJECT(ST_POINT(1, 3), 100, 100);
SELECT ST_PROJECT(ST_POINT(1, 3), 100, 100);
﻿
Output: POINT(0.99 3.00)
ST_REDUCEPRECISION
Returns a new geospatial object with all POINT values rounded to the specified decimal precision.
Syntax
SQL
ST_REDUCEPRECISION(geo, precision)
ST_REDUCEPRECISION(geo, precision)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON 
A geospatial object to be rounded to the specified precision value.
precision
DOUBLE
A decimal value that defines the level of precision for returned values. 
﻿
For example, a precision of 0.01 returns values rounded to the hundredth decimal. 
﻿
﻿Do not use digits other than 0 and 1 to represent the precision.  ﻿
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_REDUCEPRECISION(ST_POINT('POINT(1.21 1.34)'), 0.1);
SELECT ST_REDUCEPRECISION(ST_POINT('POINT(1.21 1.34)'), 0.1);
﻿
Output﻿: POINT(1.2 1.3)﻿﻿
ST_REMOVEREPEATEDPOINTS
Returns a new geospatial object with no repeated POINT values. The returned type is the same as the specified type. 
Syntax
SQL
ST_REMOVEREPEATEDPOINTS(geo)
ST_REMOVEREPEATEDPOINTS(geo)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON 
A geospatial object for removal of any duplicate POINT values. 
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_REMOVEREPEATEDPOINTS(ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 2, 1 2, 2 1, 1 0)'));
SELECT ST_REMOVEREPEATEDPOINTS(ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 2, 1 2, 2 1, 1 0)'));
﻿
Output: LINESTRING(1.0 2.0, 2.0 1.0, 1.0 0.0)
ST_REVERSE
Returns a new geospatial object with the vertexes reversed. The returned type is the same as the specified type. 
Syntax
SQL
ST_REVERSE(geo)
ST_REVERSE(geo)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON 
A geospatial object for vertexes reversal. 
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_REVERSE(ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 2,1 10)'));
SELECT ST_REVERSE(ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 2,1 10)'));
﻿
Output: LINESTRING(1.0 10.0, 1.0 2.0)
ST_SEGMENTIZE
Returns a geospatial object that the function modifies to have no segment longer than the specified max_segment_length in meters.
Syntax
SQL
ST_SEGMENTIZE(geo, max_segment_length)
ST_SEGMENTIZE(geo, max_segment_length)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON 
A geospatial object for segment modification. 
max_segment_length
DOUBLE
The maximum length of a segment to modify the specified geo object. This value must be in METERS.
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_SEGMENTIZE(
        ST_POLYGON('POLYGON((1 1, 2 1, 2 2, 1 1))'),
        150000.0);
SELECT ST_SEGMENTIZE(
        ST_POLYGON('POLYGON((1 1, 2 1, 2 2, 1 1))'),
        150000.0);
﻿
Output: POLYGON((1.0 1.0, 2.0 1.0, 2.0 2.0, 1.49 1.50, 1.0 1.0))
ST_SHORTESTLINE
Returns the shortest LINESTRING between two specified geospatial arguments.
Syntax
SQL
ST_SHORTESTLINE(geo1, geo2, use_spheroid)
ST_SHORTESTLINE(geo1, geo2, use_spheroid)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo1
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A geospatial object for the determination of the shortest LINESTRING relative to geo2.
geo2
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON
A geospatial object for the determination of the shortestLINESTRING relative to geo1.
use_spheroid
BOOLEAN
Optional. 
﻿
If you set this argument to TRUE, this function uses a spheroid model instead of a spherical model. 
﻿
Defaults to FALSE. 
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_SHORTESTLINE(
    ST_MAKELINE('LINESTRING(4 3, 10 3)'), 
    ST_MAKELINE('LINESTRING(0 1, 0 3)'));
SELECT ST_SHORTESTLINE(
    ST_MAKELINE('LINESTRING(4 3, 10 3)'), 
    ST_MAKELINE('LINESTRING(0 1, 0 3)'));
﻿
Output: LINESTRING(0.0 3.0, 4.0 3.0)
To use ST_SHORTESTLINE as a spatiotemporal operator to calculate the shortest line between two points at a concurrent time, see the ST_SHORTESTLINE﻿ function in the Spatiotemporal section. 
ST_SIMPLIFY
Returns a simplified version of the specified geography, which is either a POINT or LINESTRING. 
The function simplifies the input geography by replacing nearly straight edges that contain multiple points with a single straight edge. The input geography does not change by more than the specified tolerance, which you specify as a DOUBLE in meters.
Syntax
SQL
ST_SIMPLIFY(geo, tolerance)
ST_SIMPLIFY(geo, tolerance)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POINT or LINESTRING
A geospatial object to be simplified.
tolerance
DOUBLE
A value that represents the maximum number of meters to simplify in the specified geography. 
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_SIMPLIFY(
    ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(0 0, 0.05 0, 0.1 0, 0.15 0, 2 0)'), 1); 
SELECT ST_SIMPLIFY(
    ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(0 0, 0.05 0, 0.1 0, 0.15 0, 2 0)'), 1); 
﻿
Output: LINESTRING(0 0, 2 0)
ST_SIMPLIFYARRAY
Returns a POLYGON array that represents a simplified version of the specified geography, which is either a POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON. 
The function simplifies the input geography by replacing nearly straight edges that contain multiple points with a single straight edge. The input geography does not change by more than the specified tolerance, which you specify as a DOUBLE in meters.
Syntax
SQL
ST_SIMPLIFYARRAY(geo, tolerance)
ST_SIMPLIFYARRAY(geo, tolerance)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POINT, LINESTRING or POLYGON
A geospatial object to be simplified.
tolerance
DOUBLE
A value that represents the maximum number of meters to simplify in the specified geography. 
Example
In this example, ST_SIMPLIFYARRAY evaluates a POLYGON with an outer ring of 13 points and an inner ring with four points. The example sets a tolerance parameter of 10,000 meters, meaning that is the maximum distance that the function simplifies. 
SQL
SELECT ST_SIMPLIFYARRAY(
        ST_POLYGON(
            'POLYGON((0 0, 1 0, 1 0.49, 1.01 0.49, 1.01 0.51, 1 0.51, 1 1, 0         1, 0 0.51, -0.01 0.51, -0.01 0.49, 0 0.49, 0 0), (-0.001 0.5, 1.001 0.5, 0.5 0.4, -0.001 0.5))'
            ),
        10000);
SELECT ST_SIMPLIFYARRAY(
        ST_POLYGON(
            'POLYGON((0 0, 1 0, 1 0.49, 1.01 0.49, 1.01 0.51, 1 0.51, 1 1, 0         1, 0 0.51, -0.01 0.51, -0.01 0.49, 0 0.49, 0 0), (-0.001 0.5, 1.001 0.5, 0.5 0.4, -0.001 0.5))'
            ),
        10000);
﻿
Output: [POLYGON((0.0 0.5000000762285838, 1.0 0.500000076228584, 1.0 1.0, 0.0 1.0, 0.0 0.5000000762285838)), POLYGON((1.0 0.4998004375649452, 0.5 0.4, 0.0 0.4998004375649452, 0.0 0.0, 1.0 0.0, 1.0 0.4998004375649452))]
As shown in the output, the ST_SIMPLIFYARRAY function has reduced the size of the outer POLYGON from 13 points to 5. 
Note that the function actually increases the number of points in the inner ring, going from four to six. The increase is due to how close the inner ring is to the edges of the outer ring. Taken altogether, the function still reduced the total number of points in the POLYGON. 
ST_SNAPTOGRID
Returns a new geography value with all POINT values rounded to the specified precisions. This function is similar to ST_REDUCEPRECISION﻿ but it allows you to specify the precision for the x and y coordinates separately.
Syntax
SQL
ST_SNAPTOGRID(geo1, precision_x, precision_y)
ST_SNAPTOGRID(geo1, precision_x, precision_y)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON 
A geospatial object to be rounded to the specified precision values.
precision_x
DOUBLE
A decimal value to represent the level of precision for the x value. 
﻿
For example, a precision of 0.01 returns values rounded to the hundredth decimal. 
﻿
﻿Do not use digits other than 0 and 1 to represent the precision.  ﻿
precision_y
DOUBLE
A decimal value to represent the level of precision for the y value. 
﻿
For example, a precision of 0.1 returns values rounded to the tenth decimal. 
﻿
﻿Do not use digits other than 0 and 1 to represent the precision.  ﻿
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_SNAPTOGRID(
    ST_MAKEPOINT(1.1, 3.11), 1, 0.1);
SELECT ST_SNAPTOGRID(
    ST_MAKEPOINT(1.1, 3.11), 1, 0.1);
﻿
Output: POINT(1.0 3.1)
ST_SYMDIFFERENCEARRAY
Returns a geographic array that contains the parts that are not common between two geographic objects, geo1 and geo2.﻿
Syntax
SQL
ST_SYMDIFFERENCEARRAY(geo1, geo2)
ST_SYMDIFFERENCEARRAY(geo1, geo2)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo1
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON 
A geographic object to be compared to the points geographic objects in geo2.
geo2
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON 
A geographic object to be compared to the points geographic objects in geo1.
﻿Example﻿
SQL
SELECT ST_SYMDIFFERENCEARRAY(
    ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2)'), 
    ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2, 3 3)'));
SELECT ST_SYMDIFFERENCEARRAY(
    ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2)'), 
    ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2, 3 3)'));
﻿
Output: [LINESTRING(2.0 2.0, 3.0 3.0)]
ST_UNIONARRAY
Performs a union of the input geography values to produce a geographic array. 
Syntax
SQL
ST_UNIONARRAY(geo1, geo2)
ST_UNIONARRAY(geo1, geo2)
﻿
Parameter
Data Type
Description
geo1
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON 
A geographic object to be unified with the geographic values in geo2.
geo2
POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON 
A geographic object to be unified with the geographic values in geo1.
Example
SQL
SELECT ST_UNIONARRAY(
    ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 2)'), 
    ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2, 3 3)'));
SELECT ST_UNIONARRAY(
    ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 2)'), 
    ST_LINESTRING('LINESTRING(1 1, 2 2, 3 3)'));
﻿
Output: ['LINESTRING(0.0 0.0, 1.0 1.0, 2.0 2.0, 3.0 3.0)']

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object to be measured for the diagonal length of its bounding box.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object, specified as a point, linestring, or polygon, which the function buffers.
radius	DOUBLE	Radius, specified as a double, that indicates the distance to buffer the geospatial object in meters. Negative values cause polygons to shrink. Also, negative values cause the result to be empty for points and linestrings.
num_segments_per_quarter_circle	BIGINT	Optional. The number of segments to use per quarter circle when parts of the buffer are round, specified as a BIGINT. Only use if the join_style or endcap_style value is set to ROUND. Defaults to 8.
simplification_tolerance	DOUBLE	Optional. Value that the function passes to the ST_SIMPLIFYARRAY function prior to buffering. If you specify a zero or negative value, the function skips simplification of the geometry.
maximum_radius_error	DOUBLE	Optional. Maximum radius error, specified as a double. The returned buffer might be slightly larger than the radius value by this amount. This value is required because arcs of great circles cannot be parallel. Use this argument for linestrings and polygons only. Defaults to 10.0.
join_style	STRING	Optional. The type of join to use at the corners where segments of the geometry meet, specified as a string. Supported styles are ROUND, BEVEL and MITER. Use this argument for linestrings and polygons only. Defaults to ROUND.
miter_limit	DOUBLE	Optional. Miter limit, specified as a double. Use this argument only if the join_style value is set to MITER. A mitered corner is cut off at a distance of miter_ratio * radius from the corner point of the geometry. Use this argument for linestrings and polygons only. Defaults to 1.0.
endcap_style	STRING	Optional. The type of end cap for use at the ends of linestrings, specified as a string. Supported styles are ROUND, SQUARE, and FLAT. Use this argument for linestrings only. Defaults to ROUND.
side_style	STRING	Optional. The side, specified as a string, that denotes the side for buffering the geometry. Supported styles are BOTH, LEFT, and RIGHT. Use this argument for linestrings only. Defaults to BOTH.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo1	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object to be computed to determine its closest POINT value relative to geo2.
geo2	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A second geospatial object to be compared to geo1 to find the closest POINT value of geo1.
use_spheroid	BOOLEAN	Optional. If you set this value to TRUE, this function uses a spheroid model instead of a spherical model. Defaults to FALSE.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object to be computed for a POLYGON of its convex hull. If geo is a POINT or a single-point LINESTRING or POLYGON, the function returns a POLYGON containing only that point value. If geo is NULL, the function returns NULL.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo1	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object to be compared to geo2 to find any unique geospatial values.
geo2	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A second geospatial object used to compare with geo1 to find unique values. The function captures only objects that are unique to geo1, and not those unique to geo2.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object to be computed for the vertices of its bounding box.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object to be computed for the vertices of its bounding box with the added units_to_expand.
units_to_expand	DOUBLE	An additional distance to expand the bounding box of geo. Specify this argument only in meters.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
polygon	POLYGON	A POLYGON object to be computed for a LINESTRING of its perimeter.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geographic object for switching its X and Y coordinates.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geographic object to be converted to a two-dimensional object.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
polygon	POLYGON	A POLYGON object to be computed for its interior ring.
index	INTEGER	An index that represents the specific interior ring of the polygon value to be captured. Interior-ring indexes are 1-based, meaning the first object has an index of 1.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
array	ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING or POLYGON	An array of geographic objects, which all must be the same type.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo1	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geographic object to be compared to geo2 to find a set of intersections.
geo2	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geographic object to be compared to geo1 to find a set of intersections.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo1	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object for the determination of the longest LINESTRING relative to geo2.
geo2	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object the determination of the longest LINESTRING relative to geo1.
use_spheroid	BOOLEAN	Optional. If you set this value to TRUE, this function uses a spheroid model instead of a spherical model. Defaults to FALSE.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
xmin	DOUBLE	The minimum x value for the bounding box.
ymin	DOUBLE	The minimum y value for the bounding box.
xmax	DOUBLE	The maximum x value for the bounding box.
ymax	DOUBLE	The maximum y value for the bounding box.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object for the determination of the smallest possible circle POLYGON to encompass it.
num_segs_per_qt_circ	INTEGER	The number of segments to be included in each quarter of the returned circle POLYGON.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
array1	ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON values.	An array of geographic objects to be compared to the geographic objects in array2. The function returns any values in this array that do not intersect with array2.
array2	ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON values.	An array of geographic objects to be compared to the geographic objects in array1. The function returns only values that do not intersect in array1.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
array1	ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON values.	An array of geographic objects to be compared to the geographic objects in array2 for any intersections. The data types contained in this array must match the data types in array2, unless they are NULL.
array2	ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON values.	An array of geographic objects to be compared to the geographic objects in array1 for any intersections. The data types contained in this array must match the data types in array1, unless they are NULL.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
array1	ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON values.	An array of geographic objects to be compared to the geographic objects in array2 for any values that do not intersect. The data types contained in this array must match the data types in array2, unless they are NULL.
array2	ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON values.	An array of geographic objects to be compared to the geographic objects in array1 for any values that do not intersect. The data types contained in this array must match the data types in array1, unless they are NULL.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
array1	ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON values.	An array of geographic objects to be combined with array2. The data types contained in this array must match the data types in array2, unless they are NULL.
array2	ARRAY of POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON values.	An array of geographic objects to be combined with array1. The data types contained in this array must match the data types in array1, unless they are NULL.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POLYGON	An object to be computed to return its total number of rings.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
polygon	POLYGON	An object to be computed to return its total number of interior rings.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	An object to be computed for an intersection POINT value.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
point	POINT	A starting point for locating a returned destination by using the distance and azimuth values.
distance	DOUBLE	A distance value in meters.
azimuth	DOUBLE	An azimuth value in radians.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object to be rounded to the specified precision value.
precision	DOUBLE	A decimal value that defines the level of precision for returned values. For example, a precision of 0.01 returns values rounded to the hundredth decimal. Do not use digits other than 0 and 1 to represent the precision.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object for removal of any duplicate POINT values.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object for vertexes reversal.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object for segment modification.
max_segment_length	DOUBLE	The maximum length of a segment to modify the specified geo object. This value must be in METERS.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo1	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object for the determination of the shortest LINESTRING relative to geo2.
geo2	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object for the determination of the shortestLINESTRING relative to geo1.
use_spheroid	BOOLEAN	Optional. If you set this argument to TRUE, this function uses a spheroid model instead of a spherical model. Defaults to FALSE.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POINT or LINESTRING	A geospatial object to be simplified.
tolerance	DOUBLE	A value that represents the maximum number of meters to simplify in the specified geography.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POINT, LINESTRING or POLYGON	A geospatial object to be simplified.
tolerance	DOUBLE	A value that represents the maximum number of meters to simplify in the specified geography.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geospatial object to be rounded to the specified precision values.
precision_x	DOUBLE	A decimal value to represent the level of precision for the x value. For example, a precision of 0.01 returns values rounded to the hundredth decimal. Do not use digits other than 0 and 1 to represent the precision.
precision_y	DOUBLE	A decimal value to represent the level of precision for the y value. For example, a precision of 0.1 returns values rounded to the tenth decimal. Do not use digits other than 0 and 1 to represent the precision.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo1	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geographic object to be compared to the points geographic objects in geo2.
geo2	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geographic object to be compared to the points geographic objects in geo1.

Parameter	Data Type	Description
geo1	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geographic object to be unified with the geographic values in geo2.
geo2	POINT, LINESTRING, or POLYGON	A geographic object to be unified with the geographic values in geo1.

Updated 09 Jan 2024

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Spatial Measurement

Spatial Relationships

Spatial Operators

ST_BOUNDINGDIAGONAL

ST_BUFFER

ST_CLOSESTPOINT

ST_CONVEXHULL

ST_DIFFERENCEARRAY

ST_ENVELOPE

ST_EXPAND

ST_EXTERIORRING

ST_FLIPCOORDINATES

﻿ST_FORCE2D﻿

ST_INTERIORRINGN

ST_INTERSECTALL

ST_INTERSECTIONARRAY

ST_LONGESTLINE

ST_MAKEENVELOPE

ST_MINIMUMBOUNDINGCIRCLE

ST_MULTIDIFFERENCEARRAY

ST_MULTIINTERSECTIONARRAY

ST_MULTISYMDIFFERENCEARRAY

ST_MULTIUNIONARRAY

ST_NRINGS

ST_NUMINTERIORRINGS or ST_NUMINTERIORRING

ST_POINTONSURFACE

ST_PROJECT

ST_REDUCEPRECISION

ST_REMOVEREPEATEDPOINTS

ST_REVERSE

ST_SEGMENTIZE

ST_SHORTESTLINE

ST_SIMPLIFY

ST_SIMPLIFYARRAY

ST_SNAPTOGRID

ST_SYMDIFFERENCEARRAY

ST_UNIONARRAY

ST_FORCE2D